LT1310EMSE#PBF

7
LT1310
sn1310 1310fs
C
T
Selection for Operating Frequency
To synchronize to an external input signal, the timing
capacitor and PLL filter components must be chosen
properly. This is a simple process and can be done using
the graph in Figure␣ 2a.
In Figure 2a, operating frequency is plotted versus timing
capacitor (C
T
) with the upper and lower lines correspond-
ing to the minimum and maximum lock frequency given a
specific C
T
value. To choose the right timing capacitor,
find the intersection of the desired operating frequency
and the dashed line. Then move to the corresponding C
T
value.
Alternately, use the following equations as a starting point:
for f
LOCK
2MHz:
C
f
T
LOCK
=
075
250 10
40 10
6
12
.
–•
for f
LOCK
2MHz:
C
f
T
LOCK
=
075
310 10
60 10
6
12
.
–•
Figure 2a. C
T
vs Operating Frequency
Because the lock range for the PLL is nearly 2:1, the
nearest standard value NP0 capacitor can be used. For
the application shown in Figure 1, a 1.6MHz switching
frequency corresponds to an 100pF timing capacitor.
Since the switching frequency affects inductor ripple
current, the inductor must also be scaled. Table 1 shows
recommended component values for various switching
frequencies.
Table 1. Recommended Component Values for Various Switching
Frequencies (R
LP
= 3.01k)
SWITCHING
FREQUENCY C
T
C
C
C
LP
R
C
L1
600kHz 330pF 1500pF 2700pF 10k 10µH
1MHz 180pF 1000pF 2200pF 10k 6.2µH
1.6MHz 100pF 820pF 1500pF 15k 5.6µH
2MHz 68pF 820pF 1500pF 15k 4.7µH
2.5MHz 47pF 330pF 1500pF 20k 3.3µH
3MHz 33pF 330pF 1000pF 20k 2.7µH
C
T
VALUE (pF)
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10M
1310 F02a
10k
100k
10
100k
1M
1k
100
10k
MINIMUM
LOCK
FREQUECY
MAXIMUM
LOCK
FREQUECY
OPERATIO
U
V
IN
SHDNSHUTDOWN
SYNC IN
SYNC
PLL-LPF
R
LP
V
IN
5V
R
C
178k
20.5k
C
T
1310 F02a
C2
4.7µF
CERAMIC
C1
4.7µF
CERAMIC
V
OUT
12V
C
LP
C
C
FB
C
T
V
C
SW
LT1310
L1
GND
Figure 2b. Circuit Used for C
T
Selection
8
LT1310
sn1310 1310fs
Inductor Selection
Several inductors that work well with the LT1310 are listed
in Table 2. This table is not exclusive; there are many other
manufacturers and inductors that can be used. Consult
each manufacturer for more detailed information and for
their entire selection of related parts, as many different
sizes and shapes are available. Ferrite core inductors
should be used to obtain the best efficiency, as core losses
at high frequency are much lower for ferrite cores than for
the cheaper powdered-iron ones. Choose an inductor that
can handle at least 1.5A without saturating, and ensure
that the inductor has a low DCR (copper wire resistance)
to minimize I
2
R power losses. Note that in some applica-
tions, the current handling requirements of the inductor
can be lower, such as in the SEPIC topology where each
inductor only carries one-half of the total switch current.
Switching frequency will also affect inductor require-
ments with higher frequencies corresponding to lower
inductance values. A good starting point is to set the
inductor ripple current equal to one-third of the peak
switch current.
The inductors shown in Table 2 were chosen for small size.
For better efficiency, use similar valued inductors with a
larger volume.
Table 2. Recommended Inductors
MAX SIZE
L DCR L × W × H
PART (µH) (m) (mm) VENDOR
CDRH5D18-4R1 4.1 57 5.7 × 5.7 × 2 Sumida
CDRH5D18-5R4 5.4 76 (847) 956-0666
CDRH5D28-5R3 5.3 38 5.7 × 5.7 × 3 www.sumida.com
CDRH5D28-6R2 6.2 45
CDRH5D28-8R2 8.2 53
CR43-2R2 2.2 71 4.5 × 4 × 3.2
CR43-3R3 3.3 86
ELL6SH-4R7M 4.7 50 6.4 × 6 × 3 Panasonic
ELL6SH-5R6M 5.6 59 (408) 945-5660
ELL6SH-6R8M 6.8 62 www.panasonic.com
RLF5018T-4R7M1R4 4.7 45 5.6 × 5.2 × 1.8 TDK
RLF5018-1R5M2R1 1.5 25 5.2 × 5.6 × 1.8 (847) 803-6100
RLF5018-2R7M1R8 2.7 33 www.tdk.com
RLF5018-4R7M1R4 4.7 45
RLF5018-100MR94 10 67
LPO1704-122MC 1.2 80 5.5 × 6.6 × 1 Coilcraft
LPO1704-222MC 2.2 120 (800) 322-2645
www.coilcraft.com
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Capacitor Selection
Low ESR (equivalent series resistance) capacitors should
be used at the output to minimize the output ripple voltage.
Multilayer ceramic capacitors are an excellent choice, as
they have an extremely low ESR and are available in very
small packages. X5R dielectrics are preferred, followed by
X7R, as these materials retain the capacitance over wide
voltage and temperature ranges. A 4.7µF to 20µF output
capacitor is sufficient for most applications, but systems
with very low output currents may need only a 1µF or 2.2µF
output capacitor. Solid tantalum or OS-CON capacitors
can be used, but they will occupy more board area than a
ceramic and will have a higher ESR. Always use a capacitor
with a sufficient voltage rating.
Ceramic capacitors also make a good choice for the input
decoupling capacitor, which should be placed as close as
possible to the LT1310. A 2.2µF to 4.7µF input capacitor is
sufficient for most applications. Table 3 shows a list of
several ceramic capacitor manufacturers. Consult the
manufacturers for detailed information on their entire
selection of ceramic parts.
Table 3. Ceramic Capacitor Manufacturers
Taiyo Yuden (408) 573-4150
www.t-yuden.com
AVX (803) 448-9411
www.avxcorp.com
Murata (714) 852-2001
www.murata.com
Compensation—Adjustment
To compensate the feedback loop of the LT1310, a series
resistor-capacitor network should be connected from the
V
C
pin to GND. For most applications, a capacitor in the
range of 220pF to 1500pF will suffice. With a switching
frequency of 1.6MHz, a good starting value for the com-
pensation capacitor, C
C
, is 820pF. The compensation
resistor, R
C
, is usually in the range of 5k to 30k. A good
technique to compensate a new application is to use a
30k potentiometer in place of R
C
, and use a 820pF
capacitor for C
C
. By adjusting the potentiometer while
observing the transient response, the optimum value for
R
C
can be found. Figures 3a to 3c illustrate this process
for the circuit of Figure 1 with a load current stepped from
9
LT1310
sn1310 1310fs
100mA to 200mA. Figure 3a shows the transient response
with R
C
equal to 3k. The phase margin is poor as evi-
denced by the excessive ringing in the output voltage and
inductor current. In Figure 3b, the value of R
C
is increased
to 6k, which results in a more damped response. Figure
3c shows the results when R
C
is increased further to 15k.
The transient response is nicely damped and the compen-
sation procedure is complete.
Compensation—Theory
Like all other current mode switching regulators, the
LT1310 needs to be compensated for stable and efficient
operation. Two feedback loops are used in the LT1310: a
V
OUT
100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
I
L
0.5A/DIV
R
C
= 3k 200µs/DIV 1310 F03a
Figure 3a. Transient Response Shows Excessive Ringing
V
OUT
100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
I
L
0.5A/DIV
R
C
= 6k 200µs/DIV 1310 F03b
Figure 3b. Transient Response is Better
V
OUT
100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
I
L
0.5A/DIV
R
C
= 15k 200µs/DIV 1310 F03b
Figure 3c. Transient Response is Well Damped
fast current loop which does not require compensation,
and a slower voltage loop which does. Standard Bode plot
analysis can be used to understand and adjust the voltage
feedback loop.
As with any feedback loop, identifying the gain and phase
contribution of the various elements in the loop is critical.
Figure 4 shows the key equivalent elements of a boost
converter. Because of the fast current control loop, the
power stage of the IC, inductor and diode have been
replaced by the equivalent transconductance amplifier
g
mp
. g
mp
acts as a current source where the output current
is proportional to the V
C
voltage. Note that the maximum
output current of g
mp
is finite due to the current limit in the
IC.
From Figure 4, the DC gain, poles and zeroes can be
calculated as follows:
Output Pole: P1=
2
2• R
Error Amp Pole: P2 =
1
2• R
Error Amp Zero: Z1=
1
2• R
DC Gain: A =
1.25
V
L
O
C
OUT
π
π
π
••
C
C
C
gRgR
OUT
C
C
ma O mp L
In addition to the elements from Figure 4, current mode
control aslo results in some other poles and zeroes. These
are as follows:
RHP Zero: Z2 =
Output Zero: Z3 =
Current Mode Pole: P3 >
VR
VL
ESR C
f
IN L
OUT
OUT
S
2
2
2
1
2
3
••
••
π
π
The Current Mode zero is a right half plane zero which can
be an issue in feedback control design, but is manageable
with proper external component selection.
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LT1310EMSE#PBF

Mfr. #:
Manufacturer:
Analog Devices / Linear Technology
Description:
Switching Voltage Regulators 1.5A Boost DC/DC Conv w/ PLL
Lifecycle:
New from this manufacturer.
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