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MM74HC4046
Detailed Circuit Description
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR/SOURCE
FOLLOWER
The VCO requires two or three external components to
operate. These are R1, R2, C1. Resistor R1 and capacitor
C1 are selected to determine the center frequency of the
VCO. R1 controls the lock range. As R1’s resistance
decreases the range of f
MIN
to f
MAX
increases. Thus the
VCO’s gain increases. As C1 is changed the offset (if used)
of R2, and the center frequency is changed. (See typical
performance curves) R2 can be used to set the offset fre-
quency with 0V at VCO input. If R2 is omitted the VCO
range is from 0Hz. As R2 is decreased the offset frequency
is increased. The effect of R2 is shown in the design infor-
mation table and typical performance curves. By increasing
the value of R2 the lock range of the PLL is offset above
0Hz and the gain (Hz/Volt) does not change. In general,
when offset is desired, R2 and C1 should be chosen first,
and then R1 should be chosen to obtain the proper center
frequency.
Internally the resistors set a current in a current mirror as
shown in Figure 1. The mirrored current drives one side of
the capacitor once the capacitor charges up to the thresh-
old of the schmitt trigger the oscillator logic flips the capaci-
tor over and causes the mirror to charge the opposite side
of the capacitor. The output from the internal logic is then
taken to pin 4.
VCO WITHOUT OFFSET
R2 =
∞
VCO WITH OFFSET
FIGURE 1.
Comparator I Comparator II & III
R
2
= ∞ R
2
≠∞ R
2
= ∞ R
2
≠∞
•Given: f
0
•Given: f
0
and f
L
•Given: f
MAX
•Given: f
MIN
and f
MAX
•Use f
0
with curve titled •Calculate f
MIN
from the •Calculate f
0
from the •Use f
MIN
with curve titled
center frequency vs R1, C equation f
MIN
= f
o
− f
L
equation f
o
= f
MAX
/2 offset frequency vs R2,
to determine R1 and C1 •Use f
MIN
with curve titled •Use f
0
with curve titled C to determine R2 and C1
offset frequency vs R2, C center frequency vs R1, C •Calculate f
MAX
/f
MIN
to determine R2 and C1 to determine R1 and C1 •Use f
MAX
/f
MIN
with curve
•Calculate f
MAX
/f
MIN
from titled f
MAX
/f
MIN
vs R2/R1
the equation f
MAX
/f
MIN
= to determine ratio R2/R1
f
o
+ f
L
/f
o
− f
L
to obtain R1
•Use f
MAX
/f
MIN
with curve
titled f
MAX
/f
MIN
vs R2/R1
to determine ratio R2/R1
to obtain R1
