CS51411, CS51412, CS51413, CS51414
http://onsemi.com
15
Figure 21 to Figure 24 show the output ripple of a 5.0 V
to 3.3 V/500 mA regulator using 22 mH inductor and various
capacitor types. At the switching frequency, the low ESR
and ESL make the ceramic capacitors behave capacitively
as shown in Figure 21. Additional paralleled ceramic
capacitors will further reduce the ripple voltage, but
inevitably increase the cost. “POSCAP”, manufactured by
SANYO, is a solid electrolytic capacitor. The anode is
sintered tantalum and the cathode is a highly conductive
polymerized organic semiconductor. TPC series, featuring
low ESR and low profile, is used in the measurement of
Figure 22. It is shown that POSCAP presents a good balance
of capacitance and ESR, compared with a ceramic capacitor.
In this application, the low ESR generates less than 5.0 mV
of ripple and the ESL is almost unnoticeable. The ESL of the
through−hole OS−CON capacitor give rise to the inductive
impedance. It is evident from Figure 23 which shows the
step rise of the output ripple on the switch turn−on and large
spike on the switch turn−off. The ESL prevents the output
capacitor from quickly charging up the parasitic capacitor of
the inductor when the switch node is pulled below ground
through the catch diode conduction. This results in the spike
associated with the falling edge of the switch node. The D
package tantalum capacitor used in Figure 24 has the same
footprint as the POSCAP, but doubles the height. The ESR
of the tantalum capacitor is apparently higher than the
POSCAP. The electrolytic and tantalum capacitors provide
a low−cost solution with compromised performance. The
reliability of the tantalum capacitor is not a serious concern
for output filtering because the output capacitor is usually
free of surge current and voltage.
Diode Selection
The diode in the buck converter provides the inductor
current path when the power switch turns off. The peak
reverse voltage is equal to the maximum input voltage. The
peak conducting current is clamped by the current limit of
the IC. The average current can be calculated from:
I
D(AVG)
+
I
O
(V
IN
* V
O
)
V
IN
The worse case of the diode average current occurs during
maximum load current and maximum input voltage. For the
diode to survive the short circuit condition, the current rating
of the diode should be equal to the Foldback Current Limit.
See Table 1 for Schottky diodes from ON Semiconductor
which are suggested for CS5141X regulator.
Inductor Selection
When choosing inductors, one might have to consider
maximum load current, core and copper losses, component
height, output ripple, EMI, saturation and cost. Lower
inductor values are chosen to reduce the physical size of the
inductor. Higher value cuts down the ripple current, core
losses and allows more output current. For most
applications, the inductor value falls in the range between
2.2 mH and 22 mH. The saturation current ratings of the
inductor shall not exceed the I
L(PK)
, calculated according to
I
L(PK)
+ I
O
)
V
O
(V
IN
* V
O
)
2(f
S
)(L)(V
IN
)
The DC current through the inductor is equal to the load
current. The worse case occurs during maximum load
current. Check the vendor’s spec to adjust the inductor value
undercurrent loading. Inductors can lose over 50% of
inductance when it nears saturation.
The core materials have a significant effect on inductor
performance. The ferrite core has benefits of small physical
size, and very low power dissipation. But be careful not to
operate these inductors too far beyond their maximum
ratings for peak current, as this will saturate the core.
Powered Iron cores are low cost and have a more gradual
saturation curve. The cores with an open magnetic path, such
as rod or barrel, tend to generate high magnetic field
radiation. However, they are usually cheap and small. The
cores providing a close magnetic loop, such as pot−core and
toroid, generate low electro−magnetic interference (EMI).
There are many magnetic component vendors providing
standard product lines suitable for CS5141X. Table 2 lists
three vendors, their products and contact information.
