LTC3633
16
3633fd
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3633
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Suggested compensation component values are shown in
Figure 3. For a 2MHz application, an R-C network of 220pF
and 13kΩ provides a good starting point. The bandwidth
of the loop increases with decreasing C. If R is increased
by the same factor that C is decreased, the zero frequency
will be kept the same, thereby keeping the phase the same
in the most critical frequency range of the feedback loop.
A 10pF bypass capacitor on the ITH pin is recommended
for the purposes of filtering out high frequency coupling
from stray board capacitance. In addition, a feedforward
capacitor C
F
can be added to improve the high frequency
response, as previously shown in Figure 2. Capacitor C
F
provides phase lead by creating a high frequency zero
with R2 which improves the phase margin.
transient response once the final PC layout is done and
the particular output capacitor type and value have been
determined. The output capacitors need to be selected
because their various types and values determine the
loop gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20% to
100% of full load current having a rise time of ~1µs will
produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms that will
give a sense of the overall loop stability without breaking
the feedback loop.
Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a
step in load current. When a load step occurs, V
OUT
im-
mediately shifts by an amount equal to
∆I
LOAD
• ESR, where
ESR is the effective series resistance of C
OUT
. ∆I
LOAD
also
begins to charge or discharge C
OUT
generating a feedback
error signal used by the regulator to return V
OUT
to its
steady-state value. During this recovery time, V
OUT
can
be monitored for overshoot or ringing that would indicate
a stability problem.
When observing the response of V
OUT
to a load step, the
initial output voltage step may not be within the bandwidth of
the feedback loop, so the standard second order overshoot/
DC ratio cannot be used to determine phase margin. The
output voltage settling behavior is related to the stability
of the closed-loop system and will demonstrate the actual
overall supply performance. For a detailed explanation of
optimizing the compensation components, including a
review of control loop theory, refer to Linear Technology
Application Note 76.
In some applications, a more severe transient can be caused
by switching in loads with large (>10µF) input capacitors.
The discharged input capacitors are effectively put in paral
-
lel with C
OUT
, causing a rapid drop in V
OUT
. No regulator
can deliver enough current to prevent this problem, if
the switch connecting the load has low resistance and is
driven quickly. The solution is to limit the turn-on speed
of the load switch driver. A hot swap controller is designed
specifically for this purpose and usually incorporates cur
-
rent limiting, short-circuit protection, and soft starting.
Checking Transient Response
The regulator loop response can be checked by observing
the response of the system to a load step. When configured
for external compensation, the availability of the ITH pin
not only allows optimization of the control loop behavior
but also provides a DC-coupled and AC filtered closed loop
response test point. The DC step, rise time, and settling
behavior at this test point reflect the closed loop response.
Assuming a predominantly second order system, phase
margin and/or damping factor can be estimated using the
percentage of overshoot seen at this pin.
The ITH external components shown in Figure 3 circuit
will provide an adequate starting point for most applica
-
tions. The series R-C filter sets the dominant pole-zero
loop compensation. The values can be modified slightly
(from 0.5
to 2 times their suggested values) to optimize
Figure 3. Compensation Component
ITH
R
COMP
13k
C
220pF
SGND
LTC3633
