4
Figure 4. Attributes of Encoding
SERIAL DATA
SOURCE
100 M BITS/SEC.
0% TO 100% DUTY FACTOR (D.F.)
MANCHESTER
ENCODER
(50% EFFICIENT)
4B5B
ENCODER
(80% EFFICIENT)
2
7
-1
SCRAMBLER
(100% EFFICIENT)
50% D.F.
40% TO 60% D.F.
50% D.F.
100 MBd
NRZ DATA
f
o
= 50 MHz
200 MBd
ENCODED DATA
f
o
= 100 MHz
125 MBd
ENCODED DATA
f
o
= 62.5 MHz
100 MBd
ENCODED DATA
f
o
= 50 MHz
5439-4
TAXIchip is a registered trademark of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Characteristics of Encoders
A Manchester encoder replaces each bit with two symbols,
for instance, a logic “1” is replaced by a (“1”,“0”) symbol, and
a logic “0” is replaced by a (“0”, “1”) symbol. Manchester
code is not very efficient since it doubles the fundamental
frequency of the data by substituting two symbols for each
bit transmitted. Block substitution codes such as 4B5B
replace 4-bit groups of data with a 5-bit symbol. Another
popular block substitution code is 5B6B, which replaces
each group of five bits with a 6-bit symbol. Substitution
codes encode the data more efficiently. If a Manchester
code is used to transmit data at 100 Mbits/second the fiber
optic channel must be capable of passing 200 M symbols/
second. Baud (Bd) is expressed in units of symbols/second,
thus the Manchester encoder in this example requires a
serial data link that can work at 200 MBd. If the Manchester
encoder is replaced by a 4B5B encoder, the 100 M bit/
second data can be sent at a signaling rate of 125 MBd. In
binary transmission systems the maximum fundamental
frequency of the data is half the symbol rate expressed in
Bd. When a Manchester encoder is used to send 100 M bit/
second data, at a symbol rate of 200 MBd, the maximum
fundamental frequency of the data is 100 MHz. By using
a 4B5B encoder, the same 100 M bit/second data can be
transmitted at 125 MBd, at a maximum fundamental
frequency of 62.5 MHz.
The minimum fundamental frequency that the fiber optic
link must pass is determined by the encoding rule chosen.
The run limit of the encoder determines the maximum
number of symbol periods that the encoder will allow
before it forces a transition, thus the encoders run limit
determines the minimum fundamental frequency of
the encoded data. Manchester code will allow only two
symbol periods to pass without a transition. As many as
three symbol times without a transition will be allowed by
the 4B5B encoder used in the AMD TAXIchip
TM
.
Figure 4 illustrates the attributes of various encoding
techniques. Figure 4 shows that as encoder efficiency
improves the bandwidth needed in the fiber optic com-
munication channel is reduced, or conversely, for a fixed
communication channel bandwidth the number of bits/
second that can be transmitted will go up as encoder
efficiency improves.
Total Solution Cost: 125 Mbd Link Costs
The cost of a 125 MBd link consists of the cost of the data
transceiver, and the cost of the media (cable and connec-
tors). For the recommended +ECL transceiver discussed in
this application note, the material costs in low volume are
approximately $28.
The total material cost for a logic-to-light transceiver is
under $25 in moderate volume, which compares favorably
with the cost of a wire transceiver solution capable of 125
MBd performance over 100 m spans, but the big advan-
tage of this low cost fiber optic technology is its ability to
provide better data integrity than comparably priced wire
alternatives.
5
+ECL Logic-to-Light Transceiver Cost
Non-Avago
parts: MC10H116FN ECL Line Receiver $2.15
3 Transistors $2.50
IC Voltage Regulator $0.98
Inductor $0.25
Assorted Capacitors $3.89
Assorted Resistors $0.78
Total non-Avago components ~$10.55 (Note 1)
Avago Parts: HFBR-1527 Transmitter $6.75 (Note 2)
HFBR-2526 Receiver $10.70 (Note 2)
Total optoelectronic components $17.45
Complete +ECL transceiver
function $28.00 (Note 3)
Notes:
1. Costs of non-Avago components are based on very low volume price
quotes. High volume prices are below $5.00 for all required non-
Avago components.
2. Avago Suggested Resale Price in USA, 1994, quantity = 500-999.
Contact your local authorized Avago Technologies Distributor or
Sales Office for additional price information.
3. $28 is a low volume (<1,000) cost estimate. High volume cost is
below $20 for the complete +ECL transceiver function.
Cable Costs
The price per meter of HCS cable from Avago and OFS is
comparable to the cost of shielded twisted pair wire in
similar volumes. Connectors cost approximately a dollar,
similar to typical twisted pair RJ jack connectors for data
communications. Connector installation requires no epoxy
or polishing, and can be completed in less than a minute
per connector. Therefore the installed cost of HCS cable
is similar to the installed cost of wire links of comparable
performance.
For shorter distance links, pre-connectored plastic fiber
cable assemblies are available from Avago Technologies
Distributors at attractive prices. For example, a 1 m, duplex,
pre-connectored plastic fiber cable (i.e., part number HF-
BR-RMD010Z) has a suggested U.S. resale price of $5.70
in quantities of 500-999; a 10 m cable would cost $16.50.
Again, these costs compare favorably with the cost of data
grade wire cable assemblies at similar volumes.
The costs of the 125 MBd Versatile Link electronics, cable,
and connectors are all competitive with wire solutions.
However, wire solutions frequently incur additional costs
in use due to unanticipated trouble-shooting of electrical
interference due to poor terminations or adjacent sources
of electrical noise. The inherent electrical isolation of
optical fiber results in a more robust solution and lower
cost to the end user.
Circuits Recommended for use with the HFBR-15X7Z and
HFBR-25X6Z
The HFBR-15X7Z/25X6Z components can be used in a
diverse range of applications. Not all applications can
be addressed with the circuits shown in this publication,
however, the transceiver recommendation which follows is
useful in a wide range of systems which transmit encoded
data at rates up to 125 MBd. If the design suggestions giv-
en in this publication do not meet your needs, you should
contact an application engineer. The Application Engineer-
ing Department of Avago Technologies’ Industrial Fiber
Products Division has numerous circuit recommendations
that will allow the HFBR-15X7Z/25X6Z to address your
specific needs.
Recommended Transmitter
The transmitter shown in Figure 5 is recommended for use
with 1 mm plastic fiber. The transmitter in Figure 5 applies
a forward current of 20 mA to the HFBR-15X7Z LED. If
200 µm HCS
TM
fiber is to be used the LED forward current
must be increased to 60 mA and the drive circuit shown in
Figure 6 is recommended. The forward current applied to
the HFBR-15X7Z was chosen so that the LED will couple
the maximum amount of light into the core of the fiber
without overdriving the HFBR-25X6Z receiver when short
optical cables are used.
6
Figure 5. +5 V ECL Through Hole Transmitter for 1 mm Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)
Figure 6. +5 V ECL Through Hole Transmitter for 200 µm HCS
TM
Fiber
74ACTQ00
9
10
14
C3
0.1
µF
U1C
74ACTQ00
13
12
11
U1D
74ACTQ00
1
2
3
U1A
5
4
6
U1B
C2
0.1
µF
C1
0.001
µF
R1
82
R3
120
R6
91
R7
91
R8
300
R9
300
R10
15
C8
43 pF
R11
1K
R4
120
R2
82
R5
22
Q1
BFQ52
Q2
BFQ52
C4
0.001
µF
C5
10
µF
C6
0.1
µF
C7
0.001
µF
+5V V
cc
0V V
EE
ECL
ECL
7
1
U2
HFBR-15X7Z
2
Q3
2N3904
5439-5
8
74ACTQ00
9
10
14
C3
0.1
µF
U1C
74ACTQ00
13
12
11
U1D
74ACTQ00
1
2
3
U1A
5
4
6
U1B
C2
0.1
µF
C1
0.001
µF
R1
82
R3
120
R6
91
R7
91
R8
82
R9
82
R10
15
C8
120 pF
R11
470
R4
120
R2
82
R5
22
Q1
BFQ52
Q2
BFQ52
C4
0.001
µF
C5
10
µF
C6
0.1
µF
C7
0.001
µF
+5V V
cc
0V V
EE
ECL
ECL
7
1
U2
HFBR-15X7Z
2
Q3
2N3904
5439-6
8

HFBR-0527P

Mfr. #:
Manufacturer:
Broadcom / Avago
Description:
KIT EVAL FIBER OPTIC 125MBD
Lifecycle:
New from this manufacturer.
Delivery:
DHL FedEx Ups TNT EMS
Payment:
T/T Paypal Visa MoneyGram Western Union

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