MC33368
http://onsemi.com
10
Table 1. Design Equations
Calculation Formula Notes
Converter Output Power
P
O
+ V
O
I
O
Calculate the maximum required output power.
Peak Indicator Current
I
L(pk)
+
22
Ǹ
P
O
h Vac
(LL)
Calculated at the minimum required ac line voltage for
output regulation. Let the efficiency η = 0.92 for low line
operation.
Inductance
L
P
+
t
ǒ
V
O
2
Ǹ
–Vac
(LL)
Ǔh Vac
(LL)
2
2
Ǹ
V
O
P
O
Let the switching cycle t = 40 ms for universal input (85
to 265 Vac) operation and 20 ms for fixed input (92 to
138 Vac, or 184 to 276 Vac) operation.
Switch On−Time
t
(on)
+
2P
O
L
P
h Vac
2
In theory, the on−time t
(on)
is constant. In practice, t
(on)
tends to increase at the ac line zero crossings due to
the charge on capacitor C5. Let Vac = Vac
(LL)
for initial
t
(on)
and t
(off)
calculations.
Switch Off−Time
t
(off)
+
t
(on)
V
O
2
Ǹ
Vac
Ť
Sin q
Ť
–1
The off−time t
(off)
is greatest at the peak of the ac line
voltage and approaches zero at the ac line zero
crossings. Theta (q) represents the angle of the ac line
voltage.
Minimum Switch
Off−Time
t
(off)
min
+
L
P
I
L(pk)
V
O
The off−time is at a minimum at ac line crossings. This
equation is used to calculate t
(off)
as Theta approaches
zero.
Delay Time
t
d
+ –R10C7 lnǒ
V
CC
–2
V
CC
Ǔ
The delay time is used to override the minimum
off−time at the ac line zero crossings by programming
the Frequency Clamp with C7 and R10.
Switching Frequency
f +
1
t
(on)
) t
(off)
The minimum switching frequency occurs at the peak of
the ac line voltage. As the ac line voltage traverses
from peak to zero, t
(off)
approaches zero producing an
increase in switching frequency.
Peak Switch Current
R7 +
V
CS
I
L(pk)
Set the current sense threshold V
CS
to 1.0 V for
universal input (85 to 265 Vac) operation and to 0.5 V
for fixed input (92 to 138 Vac, or 184 to 276 Vac)
operation. Note that V
CS
must be less than 1.4 V.
Multiplier Input Voltage
V
M
+
Vac 2
Ǹ
ǒ
R5
R3
) 1
Ǔ
Set the multiplier input voltage V
M
to 3.0 V at high line.
Empirically adjust V
M
for the lowest distortion over the
ac line voltage range while guaranteeing startup at
minimum line.
Converter Output
Voltage
V
O
+ V
ref
ǒ
R2
R1
) 1
Ǔ
–I
IB
R1
The I
IB
R1 error term can be minimized with a divider
current in excess of 100 mA.
Converter Output
Peak−to−Peak
Ripple Voltage
DV
O(pp)
+ I
L(pk)
ǒ
1
2 p f
ac
C3
Ǔ
2
) ESR
2
Ǹ
The calculated peak−to−peak ripple must be less than
16% of the average dc output voltage to prevent false
tripping of the Overvoltage Comparator. Refer to the
Overvoltage Comparator Text. ESR is the equivalent
series resistance of C3.
Error Amplifier
Bandwidth
BW +
g
m
2 p C1
The bandwidth is typically set to 20 Hz. When operating
at high ac line, the value of C1 may need to be
increased.
NOTE: The following converter characteristics must be chosen:
V
O
= Desired output voltage. Vac
(LL)
= AC RMS minimum required operating line voltage for output regulation.
I
O
= Desired output current. DV
O
= Converter output peak−to−peak ripple voltage.
Vac = AC RMS operating line voltage.
